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HOME > NEURONI NEONATI: NUOVO BERSAGLIO TERAPEUTICO PER L’EPILESSIA
NEURONI NEONATI: NUOVO BERSAGLIO TERAPEUTICO PER L’EPILESSIA
Una squadra di scienziati dell'USC Stem Cell e dell'USC Neurorestoration Center ha individuato un nuovo target come bersaglio farmacologico contro l'epilessia che interessa i neuroni neonati, che servono per la rigenerazione del tessuto cerebrale, operazione compromessa nei soggetti epilettici. I risultati della ricerca sono stati pubblicati sulla rivista scientifica Nature Neuroscience
Col trascorrere del tempo ognuno di noi perde dei neuroni ma esistono degli studi che provano che gli adulti reintegrano questa perdita generando neuroni neonati. Questo processo di rigenerazione è compromesso nei soggetti con diagnosi di epilessia. A dichiararlo in una recente ricerca è stata una squadra di scienziati dell’USC Stem Cell e dell’USC Neurorestoration Center.
I risultati dello studio sono stati pubblicati sulla rivista scientifica Nature Neuroscience.
Neuroni neonati ed epilessia: ecco cosa succede
“Il nostro studio è il primo a descrivere in dettaglio la presenza di neuroni neonati e una versione immatura di un tipo cellulare correlato, noto come astroglia, in pazienti con epilessia“, ha affermato Michael Bonaguidi, assistente professore di biologia delle cellule staminali e medicina rigenerativa , gerontologia, e ingegneria biomedica alla USC.
“I nostri risultati forniscono nuove sorprendenti intuizioni su come l’astroglia immatura potrebbe contribuire all’epilessia, aprendo una strada inesplorata verso lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci antiepilettici per milioni di persone“, ha continuato l’esperto.
La prima autrice Aswathy Ammothumkandy, dottoranda nel Bonaguidi Lab, e i suoi colleghi hanno collaborato con i neurochirurghi dell’USC Charles Liu e Jonathan Russin, che spesso curano pazienti con convulsioni che non possono essere controllate con i farmaci. La resistenza ai farmaci è particolarmente comune con l’epilessia del lobo temporale mesiale, o MTLE, e colpisce un terzo di tutti i pazienti con questa forma della malattia. Di conseguenza, alcuni pazienti devono sottoporsi a un intervento chirurgico per rimuovere la sezione del cervello, l’ippocampo, che causa le convulsioni.
“Molti pazienti donano coraggiosamente e generosamente i loro campioni chirurgici per la ricerca per far progredire la nostra comprensione dell’epilessia e per sviluppare nuove e migliori terapie“, ha affermato Russin, assistente professore di chirurgia neurologica e direttore associato dell’USC Neurorestoration Center. “Questi pazienti conoscono meglio di chiunque altro i compromessi coinvolti nelle attuali opzioni di trattamento, che spesso non forniscono un adeguato controllo delle crisi o portano effetti collaterali cognitivi molto gravi“.
Grazie ai campioni chirurgici, i ricercatori hanno goduto di un’opportunità unica: poter studiare il tessuto cerebrale vivente di pazienti con epilessia e confrontare la sua anatomia microscopica con campioni post mortem di persone senza malattie neurologiche note.
Nei campioni di persone con e senza epilessia, gli scienziati hanno osservato i neuroni neonati, aggiungendo nuove evidenze concrete e utili al dibattito scientifico in corso sul fatto che gli adulti mantengano la capacità di generare questi neuroni. Nei campioni chirurgici, più a lungo i pazienti avevano avuto convulsioni, più scarsi diventavano questi neuroni neonati. Più sorprendentemente, i campioni chirurgici contenevano una popolazione persistente di astroglia immatura che non è stata osservata nei campioni privi di malattia.
Poiché il tessuto ceret nei campioni chirurgici era ancora vivo, gli scienziati lo hanno potuto sfruttare per far crescere cellule staminali in laboratorio e testare la loro capacità di formare neuroni neonati e astrociti immaturi. In questi esperimenti, una maggiore durata della malattia ha ridotto la capacità di formare neuroni neonati e aumentato la produzione di astroglia immatura, coerentemente con le osservazioni osservate dal team sui campioni chirurgici.
Il team ha anche studiato l’attività elettrica correlata alle convulsioni e ha riscontrato correlazioni sospette tra il punto in cui l’attività elettrica è stata localizzata all’interno dei campioni chirurgici e la posizione e il comportamento dell’astroglia.
“Normalmente, le astroglia sono considerate cellule di supporto, perché il loro compito è creare un ambiente in cui i neuroni possano prosperare“, ha affermato Ammothumkandy: “Ma nei pazienti che hanno vissuto per molti anni con l’epilessia, potrebbe essere l’astroglia immatura a contribuire sia all’inizio che alla modulazione delle crisi croniche”.
Se questo è il caso, l’astroglia immatura potrebbe essere un tipo cellulare efficace da prendere di mira sviluppando una classe completamente nuova di farmaci antiepilettici.
“I farmaci per le crisi attualmente disponibili tendono a prendere di mira i neuroni, quindi i farmaci che agiscono sull’astroglia immatura potrebbero ampliare notevolmente le opzioni per i nostri pazienti“, ha affermato Liu, professore di chirurgia neurologica, neurologia e ingegneria biomedica, direttore del Centro di neurorestorazione dell’USC e direttore dell’USC Epilepsy Care Consortium.
“Una nuova classe di farmaci potrebbe combinarsi con le attuali strategie mediche e chirurgiche per controllare le convulsioni senza la rimozione chirurgica aggressiva di parti del cervello che possono essere di fondamentale importanza per l’apprendimento, la memoria e la regolazione emotiva“, ha specificato Liu.
Bonaguidi, Liu e Russin hanno originariamente dato il via al progetto con il finanziamento pilota di un Eli and Edythe Broad Innovation Award, che sostiene i docenti che perseguono collaborazioni di ricerca relative alle cellule staminali. Lo studio ha riunito medici, scienziati e ingegneri di tutta la Keck School of Medicine dell’USC, inclusi l’Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research dell’USC, l’USC Neurorestoration Center e lo Zilkha Neurogenetic, l’epilessia dell’USC Care Consortium, la USC Viterbi School of Engineering e la USC Davis School of Gerontology, nonché altre università e centri medici.
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Articolo originale a questo link: https://tech.icrewplay.com
Scritto da DENISE MELONI
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